Assignment #5 Google Ngrams

October 8, 2015October 8, 2015 ~ arangoj1

I decided to compare three of the most celebrated holidays which were the words halloween, christmas, and thanksgiving. I expected Christmas to be the most popular in the 19th Century and even today but was surprised to find that the word Thanksgiving was found in 19th Century book way more than both Christmas and Halloween which were pretty equal.

I first did my research on the word halloween because it was the lowest out of the three. I discovered that the word Halloween dates back to 1745 and is of Christian origin. However, it was also referred to as Allhalloween, All Hallows Eve, or All Hallows’ Day. This was not an American tradition until the mid-19th century, large numbers of new immigrants, especially those fleeing Ireland’s potato famine in the 1840s, helped popularize Halloween. Because N-grams is only showing books published in the United States, this could be the main reason as to why Halloween is not as popular as Thanksgiving, which originated the US.

Thanksgiving began with the migration of what we call “Pilgrims” from England to the “New World” for civil and religious liberty. The Pilgrims were very grateful to receive help from the Indians as they arrived so they declared a three-day feast, starting on December 13, 1621, to thank God and to celebrate with their Indian friends. This became known as the first Thanksgiving festival in America which is now celebrated every fourth Thursday in November. Because of it’s origin in the US, the word “thanksgiving” had the most popularity in books published during the 19th Century.

Christmas, the holiday I thought would be the most popular and most written about, turned out to be nowhere in comparison with Thanksgiving. After having done research I learned that in the first half of the 19th century, Christmas was a very different kind of holiday than it is today. People did not have a set way of celebrating. Christmas was not even an official holiday yet. So, communities around the country honored the dayin different ways. Some observed Christmas as an important Christian religious day, honoring the birth of Jesus. Others celebrated the day with parties, music, drinking and eating. And, some communities did not celebrate the day at all. This explains why Christmas is nowhere near as popular as Thanksgiving.

Works Cited

“The History of Christmas in America.” VOA. Web. 8 Oct. 2015.

“Plimoth Plantation.” Who Were the Pilgrims? Web. 8 Oct. 2015.

“What Is the Origin of America’s Annual Thanksgiving Day?” • ChristianAnswers.Net. Web. 8 Oct. 2015.

Three Words

October 8, 2015October 8, 2015 ~ derziezo1

Love, war and church, three banal words whose meaning did not change with time. War is the same old war known to be in use from the 12^th century: “Hostile contention by means of armed forces, carried on between nations, states, or rulers”

Love as we know it “A feeling or disposition of deep affection or fondness for someone” had, to my surprise, another meaning that was known during the 19^th century. ” Any one of a set of transverse beams supporting the spits in a smokehouse for curing herring” . However in the books Google scans it is mostly about love between people or the love of god.

The last word church “A building for public Christian worship or rites such as baptism, marriage, etc” also kept its meaning.

I chose to write about those three words for two reasons: the first is the high frequency of their use in books between the years 1800 to 1900 compare to other words I checked like art, science, culture, etc. And the second reason is the interesting relationship between the graph lines of the words love and war.

Untitled 1 — Appearances of the words war, love and church in books 1800-1900

When war (in red) is high love (in blue) is low and vice versa. The first peak of the word war appears in 1805 at 0.03459977588%. 1805 is during the Napoleonic wars that lasted between the years 1803 and 1815. The second peak is indeed at the end of this wars 1815 at 0.0335997686%. At the same period the word love is at its low 0.0252718073% in 1803 and the second low in 1816. This interchanging relation is also happening in the 1870 when love is at its peak and war is low, historically this is just after the end of a few great wars that took place in Europe like the Crimean war that ended in 1856, the wars of the British Empire with other nations like Opium wars (ended in 1860) and the American civil war that ended in 1865. From 1877 until 1900 the two words are very close in frequency yet love is a little higher until the 20^th century when the story changes completely , see the graph below .

Untitled 2 — Appearences of the words war, love and church in books 1800-2000

The frequency of the word church behaves differently. It is very high, even higher than the words war and love words, until 1842 when it reaches its peak at 0.040051273380%. A steady descend is taking place from this peak in 1842 until 1900 that gets me to conclude that the interest in church was apparently at its highest in the early 1800 . Looking at some of the titles Google scanned from the 1840’s, Christianity is represented on its various offshoot (Anglican, Russian Protestant, etc.). At the end of the century the word church, again on its various offshoots, appears less. The frequency of the word descends from the above 0.040051273380% to the low 0.0167875362% in 1894, and keeps descending into the 21^st century.

Fallen Women: hysteria & prostitution in Victorian England

October 8, 2015October 8, 2015 ~ millerm10

Maisie Miller

Online assignment #5

My Ngrams focused on words assigned to women by their male counterparts, whom mainly published these words, during the Victorian age. I choose hysteria and prostitution as my main focus because I was curious to see how the “fallen” women’s roles played against each other. I was surprised to see that they met and switched positions on the graph.

Further research into the words, described a dark time for women with mental illness, ( or misdiagnosed illness), as well as a period of time where options were limited for employment and resources. In Victorian times, a woman could be considered “unbalanced” due to a variety of causes, including: menstruation-related anger, pregnancy-related sadness, postpartum depression symptoms, disobedience, chronic fatigue syndrome, anxiety, and prostitution, among other things. Victorian society emphasized female purity and supported the ideal of the “true woman” as wife, mother, and keeper of the home. A hysterical female was one who could be nervous, eccentric, and/or exhibit erratic behaviour, the epidemiology of hysteria eluded medical explanation in the Victorian era. For hysterical women and their families, the asylum offered a convenient and socially acceptable excuse for inappropriate, and potentially scandalous behavior. Prostitution or, “fallen woman,” were usually of the lower classes, and had strayed from the idea of true womanhood by giving in to seduction and sin.

(Cartoon’s of prostitutes; http://profpoofpof.blogspot.com/2013/11/prostitution-in-victorian-times.html Women in asylum for committing the biggest sin https://victorianparis.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/degrees-of-prostitution/ )

“Hysteria” starts at the lower portion of the graph, while “prostitution” begins at a higher point on the y axis. Around 1853, “prostitution” and “hysteria” meet and finally cross each other, reversing their previous positions. “Hysteria” ends up above “prostitution” on the y axis. This could be due to a number of things, one being that the use of the word “prostitution”, was thought of as vulgar in certain levels of society, to describe women who practiced sex acts with men for money. Whereas “hysteria” developed as an widespread mania.

(Books on prostitution, notice the titles. http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/offthepedestal/otp5.html )

In 1864 the first of the Contagious Diseases Acts was passed. It required any allegedly diseased prostitute to undergo an inspection (the allegation may be made by an infected enlisted man). If she was found to be infected, she could be held in a Lock Hospital for up to 3 months. This was only a temporary measure, until more stringent acts could be accommodated. The Contagious Diseases Act of 1866 allowed a special police force to order women to undergo fortnightly inspections for up to a year. By 1869, the Contagious Diseases Act required prostitutes to be officially registered and to carry cards, it increased inspection stations and targeted towns from 12 to 18, and increased lock hospital incarceration to 9 months, which can largely contribute to the decline of the word use. The graph reflects this, though doesn’t perfectly add up. This could be due to an in flow of issues regarding “prostitution”, perhaps a particularly large amount of vernal diseases spread during the rise on the graph.

(Public Domain Photo taken by Jean-Martin Charcot in 1878 during his experiments using hypnosis to treat hysteria patients.)

Hysteria’s rise is evident from it’s actual evolution, and subsequent diagnosis, during the Victorian era. In the Victorian Era, doctors discouraged physical activity by women, because they believed ridiculous medical conditions would result from it. Among a range of other concerns, doctors argued that physical exertion in women might cause their organs (particularly the reproductive organs) to become dislodged and wander around the body, causing all types of problems. As The National Institutes of Health explains hysteria in the 19th century;

“Hysteria is a pathology in which dissociation appears autonomously for neurotic reasons, and in such a way as to adversely disturb the individual’s everyday life. Janet studied five hysteria’s symptoms: anaesthesia, amnesia, abulia, motor control diseases and modification of character. The reason of hysteria is in the idée fixe, that is the subconscient or subconscious. For what concerns eroticism, Janet noted that “the hysterical are, in general, not any more erotic than normal person”. Janet’s studies are very important for the early theories of Freud, Breuer and Carl Jung (1875-1961) “.

(Professor Jean-Martin Charcot demonstrates hypnosis on a “hysterical” patient. This image is in the public domain because it’s copyright has expired.)

A physician George Taylor in 1859 claimed that a quarter of all women suffered from hysteria. Hysteria was more commonly used to describe prostitutes, even. Their “struggles”, real or not, were dismissed as simply mental illness. The tragedy of women’s status and associated language can be seen in this graph. The words ascribed to women during the Victorian age hold a heavy weight of a untold story, echoing in these whispered words.

Sources:

Web, https://www.lib.uwo.ca/archives/virtualexhibits/londonasylum/docs/surgeryamonginsane.pdf

Web, http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/prostitution

Web, http://cai.ucdavis.edu/waters-sites/prostitution/FallenWomen.htm

Web. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3480686/

Images:

http://profpoofpof.blogspot.com/2013/11/prostitution-in-victorian-times.html

http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/offthepedestal/otp5.html

http://unhingedhistorian.blogspot.com/2013/08/the-insane-victorians-hysteria-was-real.html

Google Ngrams: Jane Austen

October 7, 2015October 7, 2015 ~ tomicice1

For my Google Ngrams, I chose to compare three of Jane Austen’s books- Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, and Northanger Abbey. I hypothesized that Pride and Prejudice would be the one with the most mentions, given that it’s the most-read among all her novels and is a popular favorite. I did this because I adore Pride and Prejudice and I wanted to see what people in the 19^th century thought of Jane Austen’s work. Her first novel published, Sense and Sensibility, came out in 1811. Pride and Prejudice was her second novel and it was released in 1813. Northanger Abbey was published posthumously in 1817 and Austen’s brother decided to add a “Biographical Note of The Author” to the edition, naming Jane Austen as the author, making it the first time Austen’s literary genius is publicly recognized. She published Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice under the pseudonym “By A Lady.” This is the reason why I chose not to use “Jane Austen” as one of the terms searched, because she probably wasn’t mentioned in published writing.

Pride and Prejudice’s popularity skyrocketed in 1810, which I found strange because it was published in 1813. This means that perhaps Austen mentioned the title in a letter that has been placed into a collection of letters. I did make sure to uncheck the “case-insensitive” box so the Ngram Viewer would read the terms as a title, not as separate words. Pride and Prejudice reached its highest point in 1900; a new edition of the book came out that year, which could possibly explain this rise in mention. Northanger Abbey’s sales declined after 1818. In 1820, Austen’s novels were discarded of and remained out of print for twelve years, which explains the low mentions during that time. Sense and Sensibility stayed high and fluctuated little between 1840 and 1873. Then, in 1891 it had its highest peak, which is probably because a new edition came out this year.

google ngrams

By using Google Ngrams to analyze language through time, we can get a glimpse into what people living and writing in the 19^th century were and weren’t interested in.

Sources

“Jane Austen.” Bio.com. Ed. Biographhy.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.

“Jane Austen”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 07 Oct. 2015 <http://www.britannica.com/biography/Jane-Austen>.

“The Works of Jane Austen.” Austen.com | The Works of Jane Austen. The Spring, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.

Bicycles and Bloomers

October 7, 2015October 7, 2015 ~ cortij1

I started my research with the idea of transportation in mind. I hoped to type in words such as train, bicycle, and bus to see the decrease of bicycle and increase of train and bus. There was in fact an increase in all three, but there was something I found on a website that interested me more.

(Graph of bicycle, bus, and train)

The modern bicycles was invented in 1885. It started out as a trending activity and then died out to become a method of cheap transportation for working class men. Bicycle riding started the revolution of women clothing. This revolution began with bloomers. In order for women to ride bicycles, they needed to wear pants instead of a dress. A woman, Amelia Bloomer, suggested that women would find these pants more comfortable than the petticoats they were wearing. Her unpopular suggestion that was published in The Lily, a feminist publication, did not become popular until after her death. In 1895, some women were wearing the bloomers and they became acceptable to wear if a woman was cycling.

The Google Ngram shows the relationship between the popularity of bicycles, bloomers, and petticoats over time. From 1890 to about 1900, bicycle made a huge climb and bloomers were also on the rise. Around 1900, petticoats dropped a significant amount and continued to decline years after that. In 1930, bloomers was at its peak. When selecting English Fiction as the setting, the Ngraph looked very similar to the English setting. When I selected British English as the setting, I noticed that the petticoat graph fluctuated between 1892 and 1851 more than the English setting.

As bicycles became more popular, as a method of transportation, and a way of staying healthy, women were interested in riding them. Traditional petticoats were heavy, long, and unsuitable for a task such as cycling. It is not surprising that as the popularity of bicycling increased, so did the popularity of bloomers. At a time of women revolting from their current status, being disrespected and treated unequally to men, this graph is interesting because it take a spin on the evolution of women in a Victorian Society. Could bicycles be a leading cause of women wanting equality and breaking free of their petticoats?

Sources
http://www.schoolsliaison.org.uk/kids/aston/changingtimes/victorian/transport.htm
http://www.fashion-era.com/rational_dress.htm

Google Ngrams: Musical Instruments

October 7, 2015October 7, 2015 ~ Danielle Koppie

For this assignment, I decided to use the category that I had failed to find information for in the Book Traces assignment: music. I plugged in names of Nineteenth Century composers such as Beethoven, Chopin, and Tchaikovsky, but none of the comparisons were significant enough for me to write about. I then decided to steer away from composers and look more into some instruments. I knew that this time period was incredibly important in the field of music, so I figured the instruments had to have seen some interesting developments. I plugged the words “trumpet,” “flute,” and “piano” into the Ngram Viewer, with the default settings. I saw that at first, the word “trumpet” was significantly more popular than either “flute” or “piano.” Flute was low but stayed fairly consistent until the end of the century. The most interesting increase, however, was definitely in the word “piano.” Its frequency more than tripled between the years 1850 and 1900. It went from least popular of the three to most popular by far. Some quick research explained that throughout the Nineteenth Century, the piano became more and more affordable, as companies began to mass produce the instruments. This allowed for many families to purchase pianos for their homes.

Some research on the flute showed that in about 1847, a man named Theobald Boehm invented a new type of flute that became the premise for the instrument we use today. Toward the end of the century, workshops began to adopt and modify Boehm’s design, and it was used in orchestras all across Europe and America. This explains the increase in the word “flute” from about 1887 to 1898.

As for the trumpet, its graph was fairly consistent throughout, and there was not much information on the Nineteenth Century trumpet alone. I did find out that around that time, similar to the flute and piano, the basis for the modern day trumpet was invented, but it was in the key of F, rather than today’s standard B♭. On the graph around 1810, there is a rather large spike, but I could not find any information that explained it.

I found this to be an interesting assignment because it relies on us making assumptions, which is what historians are forced to do when they are researching various trends on graphs like our Ngrams. This tool could definitely be valuable for anyone who is researching a topic from many years ago. Google has scanned millions of books into its system, which makes the research incredibly accurate. Also, I got to learn about the instruments I enjoy, which was fun.

Works Cited

“The History and Development of the Modern Piano.” Renner USA. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.

Estrella, Espie. “History of the Trumpet.” About Education. About.com, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.

“Theobald Boehm (1794-1881).” FluteHistory.com. Flutehistory.com, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.

“Nineteenth-century Flutes.” FluteHistory.com. Flutehistory.com, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.

War and Peace

October 7, 2015 ~ russelld2 ~ 1 Comment

For my Google Ngram I chose very broad words, war and peace. I had a very hard time finding words that I wanted to compare. I settled on war and peace for a few reasons, I enjoy history, they are broad words, and I couldn’t really find anything else. After choosing the words I was not sure what the differences would be. From high school I only knew an overview of history from the 19th century, but after doing further research I discovered a lot of interesting material.
The 19th century was full of wars and battles all over the world. I decided to search up how many there were and was shocked to see some I have never even heard of. The list went on and on, battles for land, wars for independence, drug wars…etc. One of the biggest events and most know was the American Civil War, which happened from 1861-1865. Around 1850-1860 is when the word war started shooting up in the Ngram, while peace stated fairly stagnant. I would assume the use of the word war rose not only because of the Civil War, but because of the disputes between the British and Colonists leading up to it.
The words peace and war in the graph were fairly even until the 1850’s, which I thought was intriguing. I have always though as peace as an ideal and war as a reality, so when I saw that they were fairly even I was shocked What I mean by that is that war is something occurring in our lives all the time, while peace is something you only really see mentioned in a book. The Civil War definitely explains the spike, but what explains the evenness between them? I am sure if I needed to I could find the reason why, but for now I shall leave it a mystery.

Google Ngram: Undergarments

October 7, 2015 ~ wynneb1

I’ve always been intrigued in the history of fashion, especially the amount of layers that were worn in previous centuries. From my understanding, women had a strict form of dress in the 19th century. Had you not worn layers of garment and cloth, you were violating what was deemed socially acceptable. With social acceptance came discomfort, for many of the garments were painful to wear.

I decided to focus on the female undergarment, which was not just an impressionable fashion statement but a social construct used to manipulate what women were expected to look like. I find that these examples truly emulate the saying beauty is pain.

I chose corsets, bustles, and crinolines:

I knew little of the terminology behind 19th century clothing so I researched ’19th century fashion’. The corset, probably the most notable article of the three, was worn consistently throughout the century but in different adaptions. The invention of the steam-moulded corset became popular between 1860-1880, created by Edwin Izod (a big surprise that it was developed by a man) (Victoria and Albert Museum, “Crinolines, Crinolettes, Bustles and Corsets from 1860-80”). The rise of corsets during that interval on the graph is presumed to be because of the steam-moulded corset popularity.

From 1890 and beyond, the percentage for corsets shows an increase. Although the garment was still a social construct, the stiff, discomfort of the corset came into question. After the 1890s, more corsets were made with wool and cotton, adjustable straps, and without whalebone, “a sensible rather than attractive image” (Victoria and Albert Museum, “Corsets and Bustles from 1880-90 – the Move from Over-Structured Opulence to the ‘Healthy Corset'”).

The bustle, which is otherwise known as a tournure, was used as an extension of the skirt to create a full silhouette. The graph shows a fairly steady percentage from 1800-1900. Like the corset, the bustle varied in design throughout the century. In the mid-1800s, the bustle was more plump. By the end of the 19th century, clothing was becoming more slender. Some bustles had trains extending from the dress as part of the fashion. The declination of bustles on the graph could be due to the removal of layers and drapery in fashion (Thomas, “Bustles”).

The crinoline was another garment designed to fill out the dress. The cage crinoline was popularized in “the late 1850s and early 1860s,” but because of difficulty with the spring steel and immobility, the design was no longer favorable (Victoria and Albert Museum, “Corsets & Crinolines in Victorian Fashion”). There is clear indication of this decline around 1865 on the graph.

I wanted to continue with a Victorian England setting, but I was curious what another corpus would show. The German percentages were far more drastic. Bustles showed no popularity, while corsets appear to have had rising popularity in the 1890s and the crinoline shows fluctuation but was not introduced until 1860 on the graph. While I did no research on German garments during this era, I found the differences interesting!

Works Cited:

Thomas, Pauline Weston. ” Bustles.” Bustles. Fashion History. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.

“Crinolines, Crinolettes, Bustles and Corsets from 1860-80.” , Online Museum, Web Team, Webmaster@vam.ac.uk. Victoria and Albert Museum. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.

“Corsets and Bustles from 1880-90 – the Move from Over-Structured Opulence to the ‘Healthy Corset'”, Online Museum, Web Team, Webmaster@vam.ac.uk. Victoria and Albert Museum. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.

“Corsets & Crinolines in Victorian Fashion.” , Online Museum, Web Team, Webmaster@vam.ac.uk. Victoria and Albert Museum. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.

Google Ngram

October 7, 2015 ~ Devon Hauser

I chose to do my topic of Google Ngram on science. Since science is a huge interest for me, I felt that this would be a perfect topic. My two words I chose was “God” and “evolution.” These two words are actually totally opposite, but they do relate to each other. They’re opposite in the way that evolution completely goes against the teaching of God. In the bible, it states that God created everything, including humans. In the theory of evolution, it states that humans evolved from apes, which is the polar opposite of God creating humans. Darwin published his book on evolution, On the Origin of Species, in 1859. Before this book, no one even thought to question the bible or the ways of God. Most people believed in Adam and Eve and God being the creator of everything because of how big of a role the church played in eighteenth century society. Even right after Darwin published his book, many people still weren’t convinced that there were any other theories of human creation aside from God. But, towards the end of the eighteenth century, people started to question the Bible and even started wondering if Darwin was right. You can see this in the Ngram pictures I have below. There’s an extreme spike of the word evolution in books from 1870 to 1900. The word ‘God’ is pretty gradual through out the entire 18th century, but around 1894, the line for evolution is actually higher than the line for God, proving that people started to change their minds and their way of thinking. Also, the line for God had a pretty dramatic drop from 1895 to 1900. I was curious as to how much this line would continue to drop, so I changed the year from 1900 to 2000. This results were actually quite shocking. ‘God’ started dropping more gradually and ‘evolution’ was increasing with every passing year. Towards the end of the 19th century, evolution is actually a lot higher than God. I find it interesting that it took so long for people to start changing their opinions on God and science. Now, I feel that more people believe in evolution than they do in Adam and Eve, which is completely opposite of how it was in the 18th century.

Citation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism

Google Ngrams

October 5, 2015October 8, 2015 ~ fogelj1 ~ 1 Comment

I would just like to say that this assignment has finally provided a use for Letters of Note, that fun, enormous and not to mention expensive book that freshmen were told we need in order to survive first semester. Yet, it has done nothing but sit on my bookshelf and collect dust. Though today I pulled the monstrous novel off the shelf, thumbed the pages until found a series of letters written from 1823 to 1897. From there, randomly selected the first word I saw. This lead me to the words, eloquence, vigor and loquacity. Eloquence is a noun, by definition in context to the letter “fluent or persuasive speaking or writing.” Vigor is also a noun and again in context means “physical strength and good health.” Vigor can also mean, “legal and binding force.” The last word was entirely new to me; Loquacity, is a noun that means “the quality of talking a great deal; talkativeness.”

It is hard to say exactly why these words either increased or decreased in popularity over the century. I did some research and was led to a few different conclusions. For eloquence, I believe that it was more popular in the beginning of the 18th century because of Victorian or “turn of the century” writing. The word itself sounds snazzy, eloquence, therefore if an individual were to describe a narrative spoken by perhaps a heroic character then the author would want connotation and diction to match the prose. This is a common rhetorical strategy still used today just with more relatable words of the time period. Perhaps the decrease in popularity comes from stylistic changes in writing leading into the 19th century.

Vigor, unlike eloquence actually gains popularity towards the end of the century. This I believe, is for similar reasons, the change in writing styles. Vigor is simple, and doesn’t seem to lose its effectiveness as a noun. Today we still describe things as vigorous. Where if we wanted to describe the persuasiveness of a speaker, we would say persuasive, not eloquence. It’s all about time and styles of that time.

Lastly, the word loquacity. While researching I found next to nothing in regards to this funky word. It was most popular in the beginning of the 18th century. I use ‘most popular’ loosely. Even then it’s popularity is like a Highschool Sports column, written by the coach of the team, for the high school newspaper, with a total of 10 copies printed, left to read at leisure if you are bored with sleeping in detention; in comparison to Vouge. Loquacity, is an ugly word. I know that is crude but I believe that is why it was and will forever be, unpopular and scarcely used.

https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=eloquence%2Cvigor%2C+loquacity&year_start=1800&year_end=1900&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Celoquence%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cvigor%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cloquacity%3B%2Cc0

Sources: Google Dictionary, Google Ngram, http://www.brachcollective.org/, Letters of Note Here is the screenshot!!!!

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