Victorian Medicine for Women

One of my favorite short stories is The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It was first published in 1892. In the haunting narrative, Gilman critiques common medical practices for women affected by  things such as “hysteria” and “neurasthenia” after childbirth. My sources for the information are scattered throughout this post as links.

The common treatment of the time was the “rest cure.” It left the woman tethered to a bed with no means to express herself, writing or otherwise.. This supposedly promoted healthy blood flow, and removal from too much stimulation. It’s now widely recognized as a load of junk, a part of a largely misogynistic tradition that controlled women’s bodies. Nevertheless, Doctor Silas Weir Mitchell and his bed rest cure has a solidified place in literature, women’s health, and history.

Based on the story, and my slight interest in the subject matter, I chose to look at the terms “apothecary,” “hysteria,” and “neurasthenia” on the Oxford English Dictionary.

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A new view of great Victorian writers

Charles Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe and Herman Melville are three Victorian authors that particularly interest me. The choice of settings to search for them on Ngram Viewer was simple, then. My single concern was using capital letters, as I was searching for people’s names and limit the period of time from 1800 to 1900.

According to the resulting graphic, the three writers are not mentioned until 1833, as they were really young and starting their careers. Poe was born in 1809, Dickens was born in 1812 and Melville in 1819. Dickens started submitting his sketches of the life in London to magazines in 1833. It is exactly the year that the graphic shows that he started to be more mentioned, a movement that continued increasing till 1871. A suggestion for the relative decrease in the graph at this time in his death on June 8, 1870. He left an unfinished novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood.  It has already started to be published in a serial form since April 1870. Analyzing the graphic, we can consider that Charles Dickens died on the top of his career. Since 1877, we can verify a new growth in his “popularity”. In this year, a book called The works of Charles Dickens was published and may be the reason to this new growth.

N-gram-authors

In the case of Herman Melville, we can see that he has been more mentioned during the 1840s. It may be related to his trips over the sea, that gave him the material for four books in addition to Moby Dick. However, this novel that would be his great success, was not received well at the time because of its unusual combination of “whaling lore” and metaphysical themes. This may be the reason of his relatively low popularity over the 19th century, compared to Charles Dickens.

Edgar Allan Poe had a brief life – he died on October 7, 1849, before he has started to be more mentioned, according to Ngram Viewer. The graphic shows a special increase in Poe’s mentions over the 1870s. The reason may be the biographies and other works about him that have been published since 1870.

Word Cloud- Speckled Band

While reading “The Speckled Band” I noiteced many things that Holmes does to try to get the reader, thinking as to what the answer to the mystery is. In this story a snake goes from a ventilator on a rope to another room where after many nights of landing on this person will eventually bite them and kill them. Holmes repeats numerous times that the bell rope was a dummy rope. With the constant repition you begin to think the rope plays a role in the mystery. Also Holmes talks about the ventilator many times bringing you to think something went through that ventilator, as a reader I assumed it was some sort of poisonous gas, but I soon realized Holmes would repeat other abnormalities that would imideatly change my thinking. Holmes would repeat that there was a small milk saucer in the room hinting at some sort of pet that Dr. Roylotts had. In general, Holmes repeats certain details of the mystery as he is solving it to help us the readers solve it ourselves. You could say the theme Holmes sticks with here is repeating the strange coincidences leaving it up to us to piece them together. Reading it for the second time and looking for key words or repetitive phrases I was  able to piece the story together much faster. As I tried using word cloud for the first time I did struggle with how to make it stand out or match what I was trying to portray with it. For the first one I did a black background to represent the mystery took place at night, I made sure to include all the mysterious items Holmes finds and repeats throughout the story. What I noticed with the word cloud using worddle it was quite simple and with the different words bolder and in different colors it helped get a feel for the story and what pieces or people are important. I couldn’t really find any bad points with using worddle I thought it was rather easy and helped display information. What I did find difficult was voyant. With voyant I tried copying the text and I couldn’t work the site well enough so that it wouldn’t put in stopwords. Also with voyant I found it hard to personalize the information, but that could be because I’m not very tech savvy and couldn’t quite figure it out. In terms, of overall satisfaction with making a word cloud I very much enjoyed it. ashley ashley 2

Word Clouds: An Engineer’s Thumb

I’ll be honest, I have not heard of word clouds until a few days ago when we discussed them in class.  I have seen them but, I thought they’re only a way of counting the amount of times a word appears in a text, but they’re more than that. They can reveal some overall themes of the text based on how frequently they occur.  My story for example, had the word “German” appear several times, although this was to denote that fact that the characters Lysander and Elise are German.  Also sometimes if the name of a place appears a few times, it could mean that it could play a minor role in the story.  Watson at the time has a practice near Paddington Station and it is noted that Paddington is used as a reference several times in the story.  Also engineer and hydraulics appear a few times as the victim, Victor Hatherley is a hydraulics engineer, showing some insight about a character’s life.

Now, there is some arguments against the use of word clouds, as explained by Jacob Harris of The New York Times.  I agree to a certain extent that word clouds are considered to be a crude analysis of a speech, story, or other text but maybe people should not consider word clouds to be very informative.  Now if they are well thought out and carefully crafted they can be somewhat useful as a learning aid, but you don’t really know how these words connect.

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So to create these word clouds I have used two of the tools, the first one I used is Wordle.  I found it very simple to use, except there is one major flaw. In order to get to one of the menus, I found myself having to click the word cloud itself before I can even open one of the menus.  That’s a big demerit in my book as this is irritating and I was wondering if my touchpad was thinking the same.  Once you get past that, Wordle is very straightforward and you can easily change the font, color and shape (though it’s very limited).  You can call this the iPhone of word cloud generators since it’s does exactly what you need, except there’s a fatal flaw that drives you insane.

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The second tool I used was Tagxedo, and I found its advanced options to be great.  The official site says “Making word cloud is fun, and is much more fun with Tagxedo!” They are absolutely right, I had a lot of fun making the word clouds with this tool!  The possibilities are endless! My word cloud is in the shape of a swan, which does make the cloud look nice.  Obviously nothing is perfect as Tagxedo has a few flaws, first off, when you move your cursor over a word the small ones are still hard to read.  Another flaw is that it didn’t work on Google Chrome (for me at least) and I had to use Safari.  The last flaw was the fact that I couldn’t figure out how to change the colors, it only changed when you changed the theme.  I do believe that there is a “pro” version that would allow the capabilities or maybe I just missed something.  Still, I really enjoyed using Tagxedo and I think it is a great tool for making word clouds.

Lauren Gao’s Word Cloud Project: The Adventure of Silver Blaze

Word clouds are an interesting way to get a broad insight on the trends of a text or the data that could arise from it. Usually applied to interviews, documents, or other mediums of text, the diagram showcases the most often reoccurring words from the largest (most frequent) to the smallest (least frequent). As for the question of how accurate the representation of the data truly is through word clouds or tag clouds, remains to be seen. To see this for myself, I put Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Adventure of Silver Blaze” through two word cloud programs, Voyant and Tagxedo. Before I layout what the general premise of the story is, it might be more interesting to see how good of a job word clouds do in “giving the whole picture” of the story.

Here’s the first from Voyant,

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Word Cloud: The Man with the Twisted Lip

For my word cloud project, I decided to use the Sherlock Holmes story The Man with the Twisted Lip.

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I used the program Voyant to create my first word cloud, which I ultimately wasn’t happy with. While it was easy to use, the program isn’t very customizable – as far as I could tell, I couldn’t change the font, color, or shape of the cloud. The color scheme isn’t aesthetically pleasing, and the generic Impact font leaves quite a bit to be desired (in my very humble opinion). There isn’t a uniqueness to any of the clouds produced by this tool, which definitely does not make it my favorite.

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For my second word cloud, I used Tagxedo, which I found far superior. The program features a number of varying color schemes and fonts and a large array of shapes to choose from (everything from a snowman to the United Kingdom). While a word cloud is still clearly an informative tool, it is one that draws interest for its aesthetic value.

The two processes yielded similar results; for example, three of the most prominent words were “Holmes,” “man,” and “St.” Many of the most popular words were predictable, as they carried the themes of the story. All three parts of Neville St. Clair’s name appear in the clouds, as he is the supposed victim in the mystery. “Window” is large in both, as the window of a bedroom factors largely into the story.

I find the fairly prominent “face” is most interesting: although the title of the story clearly indicates a part of the face (‘the Twisted Lip’), there isn’t much mention of it throughout the story. Of course, the face of a suspect in the crime proves to be a deciding factor in the case, but its importance is only revealed at the end of the short story.

Overall, I think word clouds (when created well) are an interesting, visually appealing means of presenting the themes of a body of text – and, to be honest, I would never have thought before to test one with a story.

Word Cloud: A Case of Identity

For this project, I decided to make some word clouds based off of the Sherlock Holmes story A Case of Identity. I thought that this project was a fun experience, and it’s definitely something that I’ll try using again. After listening to our guest speaker last class talk about graphic design and how to make our digital projects look more visually pleasing, I was excited to jump into this project. I first decided to make a word cloud using Voyant (as shown below).

Screen shot 2015-03-02 at 10.27.04 PMI was hoping that when I submitted my story, it would automatically turn out like this, but I had to make a few tweaks with the stop words before I got to this final result that I think turned out pretty well. I think that it emphasizes many of the core themes and major words that you need to know in order to get at least some idea of what the story is about. I don’t think this type of chart in general is the most easy to understand, but it’s visually appealing with the fun colors and the simple font. I also really liked how user-friendly the site was, and it wasn’t hard to make edits to it.

Unfortunately, my ancient computer couldn’t handle any Java or Silverlight updates, so I wasn’t able to use Wordle or Tagxedo. I’m still kinda bummed because I looked at the word clouds that other people posted and they look really cool. But I was informed of another word cloud website called JasonDavies.com (as shown below)

Screen shot 2015-03-02 at 10.48.22 PMThis word cloud is a lot more cluttered than the one from Voyant and I didn’t really enjoy using it. It only lets you change the font, which is a bit restricting when trying to make something look more visually appealing. And after using Voyant, it was a bit disappointing not being able to change anything other than the font. Most of the words are around the same size, so you can’t really tell which words are the most important. If someone who had never read the story before looked at this word cloud, I don’t think they would have a clue what the story was about.

Word Cloud Project: A Scandal in Bohemia

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Word clouds or tag clouds are visual depictions of word occurrence that offer greater importance to words that appear more frequently in a piece of text.  Moreover, the larger the word is in the cloud, the more common the word was in the source of text.

For the word cloud project, I chose the Voyant word cloud generator and the Sherlock Holmes story called A Scandal in Bohemia.  In the first word cloud that I have created, it shows what was happening at the beginning of the story when Sherlock Holmes receives a letter in the mail from the King of Bohemia who is asking Sherlock Holmes to do him a favor.  During this part of the story, the words that show up the most often is paper, german, bohemia, stands, note, and peculiar.  These key words help the reader to understand how the story obtained the title it was given because the word “peculiar” describes something unusual like a scandal is going on and the word “bohemia” describes the location that is involved in the peculiarity.  Moreover, based on this particular word cloud, I learned that something peculiar is happening and somehow an individual from Bohemia is involved based on a note that Sherlock Holmes has received.

In the second word cloud that I developed, it shows what happened at the end of the story when Sherlock Holmes receives a letter from Irene Adler in regards to the most wanted photograph.  During this part of the story, it is evident that some of the words that show up most often are Sherlock Holmes, photograph, know, dear, and really.  These fundamental words help the reader understand that Sherlock Holmes did in fact find the photograph but failed to realize how stealthy Irene Adler really is.

Even though using word cloud can be an interesting and creative way to portray information, there are also some negative aspects of this tool.  According to the Better Evaluation website, one of the pros of this tool is that there are various word and tag cloud generators that are freely available on the internet and creating them is really straightforward.  However, based on the Nieman Lab article word clouds can be considered a negative tool because word clouds support only the crudest sorts of textual analysis.  In addition, word clouds focus on only the occurrence of specific words instead of concepts and ideas that are important and will help you understand what is going on.  Lastly, Word clouds leave the readers to figure out the context of the data by themselves because they have to translate what the jumble of words are trying to depict and explain.

Word Cloud Assignment_DeFranco

Screen shot 2015-03-02 at 10.15.16 PMThe first word cloud tool I used was Voyant. I liked this site because it let me customize how I wanted my word cloud to look down the the word. I like that there were adjustable settings that gave you the chance to decide what you want to emphasize and what you want to be smaller or even not show up at all. This would be a good tool for a company that wanted to use interesting graphics to further a brand or for name recognition. It is colorful and dynamic and lets you include an unlimited amount of text and chooses the most common words but lets you call the shots afterwards. I do wish, however that there were more design customization options. I would like to chose the colors to match the theme I’m working with. For example I might make this particular word cloud grey 50 shades of grey (no pun intended) because black and white alludes to the time period.

Screen shot 2015-03-02 at 10.50.58 PMI have to say that I had a really hard time getting either of the two programs to work on my computer. They both required me to install additional programs on my laptop that when I tried to, completely froze up everything to the point where I had to manually restart my computer. Twice. And I fought with there programs for almost an hour. So rather than risking breaking my laptop I’m supplementing another word cloud program that I learned because it’s the one we use for our campus’s online alternative magazine, The Little Rebellion, for which I am a contributing editor. It’s quick, simple, and very user friendly. Again there are not many customization tools but it makes a clean rectangular image and you can customize the font with any typeface from the Microsoft Word suite.  We use these word clouds as backgrounds for other things–lower the opacity and there ya go.

Adventures in Word Cloud

For the word cloud assignment I used two different word cloud tools to generate images based off of Sherlock Holmes and the Adventure of the Speckled Band. This was honestly my favorite Sherlock Holmes story I read as a kid and I was excited to see the story in a new light using these tools. For the first image I used Wordle to generate a word cloud.Screen Shot 2015-03-02 at 10.14.41 PM

 

I have to admit, I really loved using this site. Not only was it extremely easy to figure out, but I loved the way this word cloud looks. I’m a fan of a more sleek, professional style so this image really interested me. Unsurprisingly “Holmes” is the most used word in the story, but I was intrigued by the focus on titles of people rather then their names. Furthermore, clearly the room played a large role within the story. I was surprised not to see “Speckled” or “band” in larger roles within the story since not only are they the title, but they’re the main facts of the story. Overall I really enjoyed this website and I’ll definitely be using this again.Screen Shot 2015-03-02 at 10.23.44 PM

For the second image I used Tagxedo to create a second word cloud. I have to be honest, I really hated thiswebsite. It seemed incredibly outdated and unprofessional,  one example being that it featured font titles named “Avril Lavigne.”I just found it difficult to use and childish. The final image disappointed me, I feel as though it looks like something a fifth grader made in art class half-heartedly. Overall, I felt as though Tagxedo was not helpful in creating a decent word cloud that was visually appealing. For the word cloud itself, I was surprised to see the word “sister” larger in this image, as I honestly felt as though the two word clouds would give the same words higher preference. This word cloud focused much more on the scenery and setting rather than other aspects of the story. Overall, I found this activity enjoyable and interesting, and it’s something I would definitely do again in my own free time.