Study Guide for Final Exam – this exam will include problems related to ANOVA – and will include a multiple-choice section related to content from across the semester. Sample problems are included here (with answers) – along with a list of concepts to study for the multiple-choice component of the exam.
- · You want to know whether there is some difference in the amount of sporting events attended for 3 different groups of people: (a) psychology majors, (b) physical education majors, and (c) business majors. In order to test this hypothesis, you randomly select members of each group and find out how many sporting events they each have attended in the past year. You assume an alpha level of p < .01. Here are the scores:
- · number of sporting events attended in past year:
(Psychology majors)
X1
1
0
2
(Physical education majors)
X2
8
10
12
(Business majors)
X3
0
0
3
1. In terms of H0, H1, m1, m2, and m3, write out the research hypothesis and null hypothesis for this example.
- · Calculate the following:
2. SSw ________
3. SSb ________
4. F __________
5. How many within-group degrees of freedom are there?
df = _____
6. How many between-group degrees of freedom are there?
df = _____
7. Fcritical = _________
8. What is your decision concerning the null hypothesis? EXPLAIN.
9. Calculate R2.
10. What does your obtained R2 tell you in terms of how much of the total variability in your data is explained by differences between the means of the groups?
- CURRENT STUDENTS: The below content in RED will NOT be on the exam!
· You want to know whether physical education majors attend more sporting events per year than business majors. Assume an alpha level of p < .01.
11. Calculate t.
12. What is tcritical in this example?
13. What is your decision concerning the null hypothesis? EXPLAIN in terms of whether the means for the two groups you are comparing are significantly different from one another.
14. What is the effect size in terms of Cohen’s d for this example?
Cohen’s d = ________
15. In terms of Cohen’s conventions for effect size, this effect size is ______.
FORMULAS/ANSWERS:
1. Ho: m1 = m2 = m3 H1: NOT Ho
2. SSw = 2+8+6 = 16
3. SSb = 27+108+27 = 162
4. F = MSb/MSw = (162/2)/(16/6) = 81/2.67 = 30.34
5. df = 6
6. df = 2
7. Fcritical =10.93
8. Reject Ho … F > Fcritical.
9. R2 = 162/(162+16) = .91
10. 91% of all variability is explained by variability between the means of the different groups.
Current Students: between-groups t-test will NOT be on the final exam!
11. t = (10-1)/1.53 = 5.88
12. tcritical = 3.75
13. Reject Ho … the mean number of sporting events attended by phys. ed. majors is significantly greater than the mean number attended by business majors.
14. Cohen’s d =(10-1)/1.87 = 4.81
15. In terms of Cohen’s conventions for effect size, this effect size is gigantic.
For the multiple-choice part of the exam, you’ll need to understand the following concepts:
You will need to understand the following concepts:
1. Measures of central tendency
2. Standard deviation and variance
3. Z scores
4. Correlation: Different patterns of correlation
5. Correlation: Correlation and causation
6. Bivariate regression: Its purpose
7. Bivariate regression: The difference between the raw score and Z-score prediction models.
8. Relate the concept of alpha level to a probability distribution
9. Characteristics of a normal distribution (related to raw and Z scores)
10. Hypothesis testing: Conclusions that can and cannot be drawn
11. One-tailed versus two-tailed tests
12. When to use a population distribution versus a distribution of means
13. Characteristics of a distribution of means
14. Type I and Type II error
15. Statistical Power (what it is and what influences it)
16. Alpha and Beta
17. Cohen’s d
18. t-tests:
A. Fundamental characteristics of t-tests
B. How the t distribution differs from a normal distribution
19. Different kinds of t-tests:
A. Within-Groups t-test (what it is used for and conclusions that can be drawn from it)
B. Between-Groups t-test (what it is used for and conclusions that can be drawn from it)
20. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):
A. Characteristics of the F distribution
B. Intepreting the equation for F (What MSB and MSW represent)
C. What influences an obtained F score
D. What conclusions can and cannot be made based on an ANOVA