Dalia Paredes

Professor Rigolino

ENG 170

September 28, 2021

Annotated Bibliography

Source:

Kietzmann, Jan, et al. “Deepfakes: Trick or Treat?” Business Horizons, vol. 63, no. 2, Elsevier Inc, 2020, pp. 135–46, doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2019.11.006.

Summary:  

The article “Deepfakes: Trick or Treat?”, written in March 2020, discusses the different aspects of deepfakes. A deepfake is an audio and visual manipulation of media such as videos, photos, audio messages/recordings. These deepfakes can fool anyone, make them question what is real and what is not and test their reliability. Authors Jan Kietzmann, Linda Lee, Ian McCarthy, and Tim Kietzmann go in depth on the technology behind deepfakes that can help up make, detect, and even classify them. The authors have also come up with a tactic business owners/managers can use to prevent people from falling for this media manipulation. They use the acronym “R.E.A.L” which represents “Record original content to assure deniability; Expose deepfakes early; Advocate for legal protection; and Leverage trust” (Keitzmann et al. 144). Some examples included were video manipulations of someone swapping Alison Brie and Jim Carrey’s faces, although whoever made it probably did not have mal intent, they caused harm because they did not ask for consent of the people in the video. Video manipulation/audio manipulation can lead to people’s reputations and careers getting ruined or put on the line. (Kietzmann et al. 135-46)

 

Evaluation/Analysis:

This article has been extremely useful to my research because it includes a lot of information and examples of deepfakes. The authors of the article study business and sciences of the brain, cognition and behavior which is how they have researched deeper into the technology behind deepfakes and how they can impact businesses. This article has shaped my argument because it shows the impact, they can have on the people who were “deepfaked”. The article also talks on big companies such as Facebook who have announced that deepfakes don’t fall into something that can be banned as content. Personally, I believe that all false content should be banned to prevent unreliability and putting people’s lives at risk.

Source:

Bode, Lisa. “Deepfaking Keanu: YouTube Deepfakes, Platform Visual Effects, and the Complexity of Reception.” Convergence (London, England), vol. 27, no. 4, SAGE Publications, 2021, pp. 919–34, doi:10.1177/13548565211030454.

Summary:

This article “Deepfaking Keanu: YouTube Deepfakes, Platform Visual Effects, and the Complexity of Reception” by Lisa Bode, written in 2021 talks about how deepfakes first began, the intricacy of deepfakes and what companies have done about them. The technology of deepfakes have existed for a long time now, movie creators have used the technology to replace the face of an actor for movie purposes like CGI (computer generated imagery). But this technology began getting dangerous when people were using it to alter people’s faces and voices to change what people believe in. In 2019 a video of Keanu Reeves was created of him “stopping a robbery”, this video received a lot of attention because people were confused on whether it was really him or not. The comments on that video were flooded of people being in awe of what he did and some of knowing that the video was indeed fake. The problem with deepfakes is that they trick people’s beliefs. Bode also talks about how media platforms have reacted to deepfakes showing up on them, YouTube states that it doesn’t go against their policies because it’s not “spreading misinformation”. I don’t think it should get to the point of spreading misinformation and these companies should create new policies that protect their audiences. (Lisa Bode 919-34)

Evaluation/Analysis:

This article has contributed to my research because it has provided me with strong background knowledge of how deepfake technology started and how it grew to be harmful. The article is a has brought up some interesting points of how movie productions have similar deepfake technology but are not flagged as deepfakes. This article has helped me think of an opposite argument which led me to do more research in strengthen my original argument. The article also brought up the opinions of different companies such as Corridor Digital who have a YouTube channel where they post video visual illusions that use VFX. I thoroughly enjoyed reading this article because it had different interpretations of the Keanu Reeves deepfake which is not as significant as a video deepfake of a politician but still very impactful.